CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlatives are conjunctions with two parts.
1. Complete sentences (independent clauses) a. Either I will come, or I will call you b. Neither ** I rich, nor ** I poor. c. Not only is bob here, but his roommates are also here 2. Similar structures: words and phrases of the same kind a. I will either come or call you. (two verbs) b. I ** neither rich nor poor. (two adjectives) c. Not only Bob but also his roommates are here. (two nouns)
Either…Or
Either…or means ‘one or the other.’ It indicates a choice or alternative. Connecting Two Complete Sentences 1. You must tell the truth. You must go jail. Either you must tell the truth, or you must so to jail. 2. A person is honest. A person is dishonest. Either one is honest, or one is dishonest. 3. I will see you at home. I will see you in jail. Either I will see you at home,or I will see you at jail. 4. I can call your father. I can call your mother. Either I can call your father, or I can call your mother. 5. You tell the truth. I will report you to the police Either you tell the truth, or I will report you to the police. Connecting Similar Structures
1. You must tell the truth. You must go to jail.
You must either tell the truth, or go to jail. (two verb phrases) 2. A person is honest. A person is dishonest. A person is either honest or dishonest. (two adjectives) 3. I will see you at home. I will see you in jail. I will see you either at home or in jail. (two prepositional phrases) 4. I can call your father. I can call your mother. I can call either your father or your mother. (two noun objects) 5. You tell the truth. I will report you to the police. NOTE: The subjects of the two sentences are different in sentence 5, so the two verb phrases cannot be connected.
Neither…Nor
Neither…nor means ‘not one or the other.’ Connecting Two Complete Sentences 1. Money is not important to me. Success is not important to me. Neither is money important to me, nor is success important to me. 2. I don’t want fortune. I don’t want fame. Neither do I want fortune, nor do I want fame. 3. The director is not here. His secretary is not here. Neither is the director here, nor is his secretary. 4. Your son isn’t outside, nor is he inside. Neither is your son outside , nor is he inside. 5. This coffee is not good. It isn’t hot. Neither is this coffee good, nor is it hot. 6. Sue has not arrived. She has not called. Neither has Sue arrived , nor has she called. NOTE: When connecting two complete sentences (independent clauses) , after the words ‘neither’ and ‘nor’ the sentence is in the form of a question. But do not use a question mark.
1. is money important to me is success important to me 2. do I want fortune do I want fame 3. has Sue arrived has she called Connecting Similar Structures
1. Money is not important to me. Success is not important to me.
Neither money
nor success is important to me. (two noun subjects)
2. I don’t want fortune. I don’t want fame.
I want
neither fortune
nor fame. (two noun objects)
3. This coffee isn’t good. it isn’t hot
This coffee is
neither good
nor hot. (two adjectives)
4. Your son isn’t outside. he isn’t inside. Your son is neither outside nor inside. (two adverbs) 5. Sue has not arrived. She has not called. Sue has neither arrived nor called. (two verbs) Both…And
This correlative is usually used to connect only words an phrases that are
similar in structure. I is rarely used to connect complete sentences. Connecting Similar Structures
1. Our grammar teacher is sick today. Our reading teacher is sick today.
Both our grammar teacher
and our reading teacher are sick today. (two noun subjects)
2. I have been having trouble with grammar. I have been having trouble with reading.
I have been having trouble with
both grammar
and reading. (two noun objects)
3. Bob jogs every morning. He does push-ups every morning.
Bob
both jogs
and push-ups every morning.
4. There is more food on the table. There is more food in the refrigerator. There is more food both on the table and in the refrigerator. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Like the coordinating conjunctions, these words also join complete sentences (independent clauses) and express a logical relationship between the ideas in the sentences.
However, conjunctive adverbs cannot join single words, phrases , and incomplete sentences (dependent clauses). Meaning These words show a contrast the ideas in the sentences. However Still Nevertheless On the contrary Studies show that cigarette smoking is dangerous to one’s health; however, millions of people continue to smoke. ; nevertheless , millions of people continue to smoke. ;still, millions of people continue to smoke.
The phrase ‘on the contrary’ also indicates contrast but in a slightly
different way. Therefore, it is not always possible to use this expression in place of ‘however,’ ‘nevertheless,’ and ‘still.’
The phrase ‘on the contrary’ usually connects two sentences that express
ideas that are clearly the opposite of one another.
Ex:Our last exam wasn’t difficult; on the contrary, it was easy. The teacher wasn’t angry with the test scores; on the contrary, she was Very happy with them.
The word ‘however’ cannot be used in the sentences above. But in some
sentences either ‘on the contrary’ or ‘however’ is possible. Ex: A good student usually gets good grades;
however , a poor student
;
on the contrary
get poor grades.
These words give additional information. They add to the idea in the first
sentence.
Moreover Also In fact Furthermore Besides
‘In fact’ also adds emphasis to idea in the first sentence.
Bill passed all his exams; in fact, he graduated with honors.
His biology professor encouraged him to go to graduated school;
moreover, he nominated Bill for a graduate scholarship.
These words give a cause-result relationship. The second sentence gives
Result the idea in the first sentence.
Hence Consequently As a result Therefore Thus Such that So that
I can’t speak French very well;
therefore, I didn’t enjoy my trip to France.
Many French people didn’t understand English very well;
as a result, I used a lot of gestures.
This word expresses a condition.
Otherwise
;
if we don’t,
We must find solution to problem of pollution;
otherwise, we may all be wearing gas masks one day.
;
if we don’t,
We must clean up our rivers and lakes;
otherwise, the fish will die.
;
if we don’t
Don’t be absent from class;
otherwise, you will miss the review.
The following words show a time sequence.
Then Afterward Later (on)
The student demonstrators destroyed the student union;
then they
marched toward the library.
The campus police asked them to go home; afterward the police began
to arrest some of the demonstrators.
At first, I was going to join the demonstration; later on I changed my
mind.
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