While combining two or more sentences you’ll need to use linking words.
To produce longer sentences and to show proper relationship between similaar or related ideas in the same sentence, we should use linking words.
Linking words are grouped into sections such as;
Coordinating conjuctions:And,or,nor,but,far,so,yet,because,so as to,due to(the fact that)
Correlative conjuctions:Either…or,neither…,nor,not only…but also,both…and,such that,so that
Conjuctive adverbs:However,moreover,hence,otherwise,nevertheless,
therefore,then,still,also,consequently,afterward,o n the contrary,besides,thus,later(on),in fact,as a result,while,whereas,despide,in spite of,although,even though,on the other hand,after,before,when,as,by,by the time,until,since,as soon as,once,as/so long as,whenever,every time,in the first time,the last time,the next time
Adverb conjuctives are grouped into 4 parts.These are;
Time:After,before,when,while,as,by the time(that),since,untilas soon as,whenever,every time(that),the first time(that),the last time(that),the next time(that),afterward,later on
Cause and effect
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ecause,since,now that,as,so(that),hence,therefore,
consequently,as a result,such that,so that,as/so long as
Opposition:Even though,although,though,whereas,while,on the contrary,
on the other hand,despite,in spite of,however,still,nevertheless
Condition:If,unless,only if,whether or not,even if,otherwise,providing(that),provided(that),
in case(that),in the event(that)
Additial information:Moreover,furthermore,also,infact,beside
COORDINATING CONJUCTIONS These conjuctions connect structures that are the same.
They connect single words: (2) Nouns............................................. ...Men and women are in that class.
(2) Adjectives........................................ .My parent were poor but happy.
(2) Verbs............................................. ....Last night I was sitting and thinking
about you.
(2) Objects........................................... ...This typewriter is for the secretary
but not (for) the students.
(2) Infinitives....................................... ...I have to write and (to) type this paper tonight.
They also connect complete sentences:
a. I was going to call you last night, but my roommate was on the phone for three hours.
b. I was too tired to wait, so I went to bed.
I love you, but I can’t marry you. I love you but can’t marry you.
Sometimes a comma is not necessary if the sentences are short, but it is always safe to add the comma.
Meaning ANDshows addition.
The phone rang, and someone knocked on the door.
‘And’sometimes shows cause and result.
The phone rang, and the baby woke up.
OR, NOR express an alternative or choice.
You can stay home and study for the exam, or you can go out and enjoy yourself.
You don’t have to stay home, nor do you have to study.
Sometimes ‘or’ express a condition.
I have to study for exam, or I will fail the course.(If I don’t study for the exam, I will fail the course.) Often the word ‘else’ is used with ‘or’ to express a condition.
I have to study for the exam, or else I will fail it.
NOTE: ‘Nor’ usually connects only independent clauses.
After ‘Nor’ the question word order is used.
I don’t speak French, nor do I write it.
I haven’t done my writing assignment, nor have I done the reading one.
Mrs. Peerson is not here today, nor is Mr. Ray.
BUT, YET show contrast.
Dr. Jones was very sick, but he taught his class.
His voice was very weak, yet the students understood him.
The words ‘but’ and ‘yet’ are often used with ‘not.’ His voice was very week but not inaudible.
He spoke slowly yet not very clearly.
FOR introduces a cause or reason. Dr. Jones couldn’t lecture for the entire hour, for he had a sore throat.
In informal speech ‘because’ is more common than ‘for.’ Due to the sore throat, Dr. Jones couldn’t lecture for the entire hour.
Dr. Jones couldn’t lecture for the entire hour because he had a sore throat.
NOTE: ‘For’ only connects independent clauses.
SO introduces a result.
I’ve been studying diligently all year, so I’m going to take a vacation during the summer quarter.
NOTE: ‘So’ usually connects only independent clauses.
REMEMBER:
These words have different meanings, so they show different
relationships between the ideas in two sentences. However, the relationship is always logical: it make sense.Look at the following sentence. The grammar test on the tenses was very long, but it took a long time to finish.
This sentence has a subject and a verb in each independent clause.
There is a comma before the conjunction.Why does the sentence sound ‘funny’?
The word ‘but’ shows contrast, so after it we need a statement that contrasts with the first statement. ‘It took a long time to finish’ is not contrast to the first sentence.We need another conjunction or a slightly different sentence.
The grammar test on tenses was very long, so it took a long time to finish.
The grammar test on tenses was very long ,but it didn’t take a long time to finish.
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